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Spanish translations
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Some facts about Spanish language
Spanish language, member of the Romance group of the Italic
subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages. The official
language of Spain and 19 Latin American nations, Spanish is
spoken as a first language by about 330 million persons and
as a second language by perhaps another 50 million. It is
the mother tongue of about 40 million people in Spain, where
the language originated and whence it was later brought by
Spanish explorers, colonists, and empire-builders to the Western
Hemisphere and other parts of the world during the last five
centuries. It is the native language of over 17 million people
in the United States, and is one of the official languages
of the United Nations.
Spanish is a descendant of the Vulgar Latin brought to the
Iberian peninsula by the soldiers and colonists of ancient
Rome (see Latin language). Thus the Spanish vocabulary is
basically of Latin origin, although it has been enriched by
many loan words from other languages, especially Arabic, French,
Italian, and various indigenous languages of North, Central,
and South America. The oldest extant written records of Spanish
date from the middle of the 10th cent. A.D.
The Spanish language employs the Roman alphabet, to which
the symbols ch, ll, n, and rr have been added. The tilde placed
over the n (n) indicates the pronunciation ni, as in English
pinion. The acute accent is used to make clear which syllable
of a word is to be stressed when the regular rules of stress
are not followed. The acute accent is also employed to distinguish
between homonyms, as in se (“I know”) and se (“self”).
There are a number of Spanish dialects; however, the Castilian
dialect was already the accepted standard of the language
by the middle of the 13th cent., largely owing to the political
importance of Castile. There are several striking differences
in pronunciation between Castilian and major dialects of Latin
American Spanish. In the former, c before e and i, and z before
a, o, and u, are pronounced th, as in English think; in the
latter, they are sounded as s in English see. Moreover, the
alphabetical symbol ll in Castilian is pronounced as lli in
English billion; but in Latin American Spanish, as y in English
you. On the whole, however, the differences between the Spanish
dialects of Europe and of Latin America with reference to
pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar are relatively minor.
One interesting feature of Spanish is that there are two forms
of the verb “to be”: estar, which denotes a relatively
temporary state, and ser, which denotes a relatively permanent
condition and which is also used before a predicate noun.
Reflexive verbs often perform the same function in Spanish
that passive verbs do in English. Because the inflection of
the Spanish verb indicates person very clearly, subject pronouns
are not necessary. A another peculiarity of Spanish is the
use of an inverted question mark (?) at the beginning of a
question and of an inverted exclamation point (?) at the beginning
of an exclamation.
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